30 intermediate AI terms you should know
Have you already mastered our list of 50 beginner AI terms you should know? If so, it’s time to progress through this glossary of 30 intermediate AI and machine learning terms.
Anomaly detection
Anomaly detection is the task of identifying suspicious elements within a given stream of data, based on how those elements differ from the rest of the dataset in relevant criteria.
Binary (Bimodal) classification
Binary classification is the task of classifying elements into two groups, based on a classification rule (defined below).
Classification rule (Classifier)
Given a population where elements belong to different categories, a classification rule is a procedure to predict which elements belong to which categories.
Complex system
A complex system is an algorithm to solve a problem containing many entities linked together in a complex way.
Computational intelligence
Computational intelligence is the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from training data or experimental observation.
Computer vision
Computer vision enables machines to understand the content of images and videos. The goal of computer vision is to automate tasks that the human visual system can do.
Data cleansing
The process of improving data quality, which usually involves removing or correcting false data values. Data cleansing is an important step to do before beginning a machine learning project.
Edge AI computing
In edge AI computing, algorithms process information locally on hardware devices, and do not require a connection.
Game theory
Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interaction between rational decision makers. In simple terms, it is the study of how and why people make decisions. Game theory helps us understand parts of science, politics and more.
Grid search
The process of performing hyperparameter tuning in order to determine the optimal values for a given model. This is significant, as the performance of the entire model is based on the specified hyperparameter values.
Ground truth
In machine learning, ground truth refers to the accuracy of the training dataset’s classification for supervised learning techniques. The ground truth is used in statistical models to prove or disprove research hypotheses.
Heuristic search techniques
Heuristic search techniques are support functions that narrow down the search for optimal solutions for a problem by eliminating incorrect options.
Logarithmic loss
Logarithmic loss is a function that measures the performance of a classification model where the prediction input is a probability value between zero and one. The goal of machine learning models is to minimize this value.
Logic programming
Logic programming is a type of programming paradigm in which computation is carried out based on the knowledge repository of facts and rules. Two programming languages used for machine learning are LISP and Prolog.
Long short-term memory
Long short-term memory (LSTM) is an artificial recurrent neural network architecture used in deep learning. Unlike standard feedforward neural networks, LSTM has feedback connections that make it act as a general purpose computer that can process not only single data points, but also entire data sequences.
Naive bayes
Naive bayes is a probabilistic machine learning classifier that makes classifications using the
Named entity recognition
Named entity recognition (NER) is the classification of named entities present in a body or text. The entities are labeled based on predefined categories such as person, organization or place.
Natural intelligence
Natural intelligence refers to how humans and animals think, as opposed to artificial intelligence.
Optical character recognition
Optical character recognition (OCR) technology enables computers to extract text data from images. Once a document (typed, handwritten or printed) undergoes OCR processing, the text data can easily be edited, searched, indexed and retrieved.
Optimization problem
In mathematics and computer science, an optimization problem is the task of finding the most effective and efficient solution to a problem, instead of finding any possible solution that works.
Phrase chunking
Phrase chunking is the process of tagging parts of speech with their linguistic or grammatical meaning.
Search relevance
Search relevance refers to search engine performance and the relevance of its fetched results. It is the user’s ability to search for information quickly and easily.
Soft computing
Soft computing, sometimes referred to as computational intelligence, refers to the use of inexact but usable solutions to solve complex computational problems.
Stemming
Stemming is the process of reducing words to their root form. For example, the word
Support vector machines
Support vector machines (SVM) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data used for classification and regression analysis.
Swarm behavior
From the perspective of the mathematical modeler, swarm behavior is an emergent behavior arising from simple rules that are followed by individuals and does not involve any central coordination.
Systems engineering
Systems engineering is a sub-field of engineering that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems throughout their life cycles.
Term frequency
Term frequency, used in text mining, natural language processing and information retrieval, tells you how frequently a term (word or phrase) occurs in a document. Since documents differ in length, it’s possible that a term would appear more times in longer documents than in shorter ones. Thus, term frequency is calculated by dividing the total number of terms in the document, as a way of normalization.
Term Frequency = [Number of times the term appears in the document] / [Total number of terms in the document].
Tf-idf
Tf-idf (term frequency-inverse document frequency) is a numerical statistic that is used to show how important a word is to a document in a corpus. The method is to count how often the word occurs in the document, then normalize it against how often that word appears in other documents.
Unstructured data
Unstructured data is data that does not have easily searchable patterns, for example, audio, video and social media content.
Word vectors
This is the concept of transforming a word into a vector and giving it a position in multi-dimensional space. By representing words as vectors, you can use them in mathematical operations. You can calculate the distance between words to represent mathematically which words are related.
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